Our Peak Oil, Financial Bubble and Global Warming

 

Table of Contents

2008 Stagflation Will Produce Votes for Change – 7/21/2006

Stagflation – 10/26/07

What Is Causing Our Financial Insecurity? - 11/9/07

Worker Layoffs Are a Drain of Social Capital - 11/9/07

Welfare for the Well Off - 11/9/07

Is It Your Money?  Can You Spend It Best? -12/7/07

Stagflation: Causes and Solutions – 2/8/08

Our Stagflation Is Rapidly Getting Worse - 3/14/08

More about Stagflation – 3/21/08

Federal Bailout for Fraudulent Financial Institutions – 3/21/08

Deregulation Has Devastated Our Economy 4/4/08

Goodbye Manufacturing.  Hello Financial Services.  Also Health Services – 5/2/08

Oil: Who’s Got It?  Where Do We Get It? – 5/2/08

High Gas Prices Are Finally Affecting Consumption – 5/2/08

How Will We Spend Our Stimulus Payment? – 5/2/08

The Party’s Over – 5/2/08

Hello $200 Oil.  Goodbye Economy. – 5/16/08

Are Corporations People? – 5/30/08

Bye Bye Manufacturing.  Now Bye Bye Hi Technology. – 6/6/08

Whither Our Economy?  Yuk! – 6/6/08

Growing - and Sharing - the Economic Pie – 6/6/08

Reducing Our Military Spending – 6/6/08

Global Warming Feeds Itself – 6/20/08

Oil Drilling in U.S. Won’t Lower Gas Prices – 6/20/08

Bye Bye Oil.  Bye Bye Lifestyle – 6/27/08

Bye Bye Water.  Bye Bye Fertilizer.  Bye Bye Food – 6/27/08

Three Crises.  Wasted Years. – 6/27/08

Is Speculation Affecting Oil Prices? – 6/27/08

Hello Debt.  Bye Bye Credit. – 7/4/08

Global Warming and Barack Obama’s Plan – 7/11/08

Commodity Prices: Market or Speculation Produced? – 7/11/08

Oil Prices per Barrel – 7/11/08

Four Dollar Gas Isn’t All Bad – 7/11/08

Pre Peak Paradigm vs. Post Peak Paradigm – 7/18/08

Housing Loan Regulators Are Missing in Action – 7/18/08

Obama’s Approach to Creating a Fair Economy – 7/18/08

Naomi Klein: Shock Crony Capitalism – 8/1/2008

To Revive our Economy, Investment or Consumption* – 8/1/2008

Free Choice Act -> Unionization -> Social Benefits – 8/1/2008

How Can We Resist and Turn Back Neo-Conservatism? – 8/8/2008

Corporations: Three Strikes and You’re Out – 8/8/2008

Do We Need More or Less Credit? – 8/8/2008

Economics Without Money – 8/15/2008

Our Debt Crisis* – 8/22/2008

What’s with Recent Oil Price Declines? – 8/22/2008

Economic Bubbles Are Fueled by Institutional Greed* – 9/5/2008

Replacing Useless Work with Useful Work* – 9/5/2008

Fannie May, Freddie Mac Are Largest Bailouts Ever – 9/12/2008

Our Economy Isn’t Fundamentally Sound – 9/19/2008

No End In Sight of Failed Financial Companies – 9/19/2008

Restoring Credit Is Immediately Necessary – 9/26/2008

Our Most Important Task Is Creating Needed Jobs* – 9/26/2008

Stopping Fraud* – 9/26/2008

Restricting Speculation* – 9/26/2008

Producing and Ameliorating Employment Shifts* – 9/26/2008

Our Financial System’s Problems and Solutions – 9/26/2008

Our Golden Era.  Wrecked by Conservatives* – 10/3/2008

How Should We Restore Credit?  A Better Approach* – 10/3/2008

Will You Accept a Financial Loss for a Better Future? – 10/3/2008

The Bailout: The Good and the Bad – 10/10/2008

A Roosevelt Solution to Our Financial Crisis* – 10/10/2008

Strengthening Our Good Banks – 10/10/2008

Ouch!  Reducing Our Speculative Gains Is Painful – 10/10/2008

Personal Finances: Then and Now – 10/10/2008

Small Is Beautiful – 10/17/2008

Two Opposing Approaches to Our Economic Crisis – 10/17/2008

JOBS! JOBS!  JOBS – 10/17/2008

Avoid Foreclosures and Produce Affordable Housing – 10/17/2008

Another Stimulus Package? – 10/24/2008

Should We Eliminate 401(k) Retirement Plans? – 10/24/2008

What Happened to Oil Prices? – 10/31/2008

Bailout Money Is Being Misused – 10/31/2008

Do We Need Micro-Credit in Our United States? – 10/31/2008

Correcting Our Housing Market – 11/7/2008

Bretton Woods II – 11/14/2008

Chinese Stimulus Package – 11/14/2008

Reclaiming Our American Dream – 11/21/2008

Bailing Out Bad Financial Companies – 11/21/2008

Substitute Affordable Housing for Foreclosure – 11/21/2008

 

2008 Stagflation Will Produce Votes for Change – 7/21/2006

 

I believe that conditions will change markedly by 2008, especially our economy.  Our weak recovery is reaching its maximum.  Oil prices are driving inflation, forcing the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates, which deflate our housing bubble, reduce home equity refinancing and loans and thus reduce demand.  The result is stagflation in the direction of the economy under President Carter in the late 1970s, which ended 30 years of enormous well distributed economic growth. 

Our enormous federal and trade deficits are weakening our dollar which makes foreign imports more expensive and allows our businesses to also increase their prices, adding to the inflation.  We are also vulnerable to foreigners who may tire of holding our debts, such that the government must raise interest rates to attract borrowers, causing more depression.  Ain’t economics fun?  It sure gets complicated in a hurry.

More than disgust with deception, incompetence and corruption, anxiety about a poor economy will motivate voters to vote for a change.  The former are corrosive, but the latter have immediate direct impacts.  An added factor is two more years of the Iraq war, which Bush can’t win and won’t stop. 

If Democrats take control of our government in 2008 without the Trojan horse of southern conservatives in their midst, we may see sweeping initiation of liberal measures.  Improving our environment, energy sourcing, consumer protection, health care, education, jobs, support for labor unions, minimum wage, retirement and much else may occur.  This will occur much easier if our Democrats are truly liberal without being in thrall to petroleum, pharmaceutical, health insurers, agro-business, media and other powerful industries.  Key reforms will be procedural: elections, lobbying, legislative rules and others to which voters give little attention.

Stagflation – 10/26/07

 

As you may have noticed, I enjoy making predictions.  Even though it is risky.  Sometimes I’m wrong.  Generally because I am too optimistic that events will turn out the way I want.  Maybe making predictions is a way of showing off.  Or maybe it provides a service by stimulating thought, although that might be done by raising questions instead of making predictions.

 

Whatever.  Some months ago, I predicted that we are likely to experience stagflation before the 2008 election, even though Business Week and others were predicting that the housing sub-prime mortgage meltdown and higher gas prices wouldn’t have a major impact on the economy.  Now it appears increasingly that I have been right.  Oil prices are headed toward $90 a barrel.  Sub-prime mortgages are creating major problems for both borrowers and lenders.  The dollar is depreciating relative to other currencies, making oil cheaper abroad. 

 

To assist borrowers and lenders, the Federal Reserve is likely to cut interest rates further.  This may help them, but not stimulate much economic activity.  As housing prices are stagnant or declining and lenders are more cautious, house owners can’t easily refinance to have more spending money.  People won’t borrow to invest, if consumers don’t buy, due to having less discretionary income after paying for increased gas, food and health costs.  Food costs are increasing as corn is directed toward ethanol for fuel.  Health costs are increasing as insurers have captive audiences and employers pay less of the costs.  Lower interest rates will also lower the price of the dollar, making imports expensive, but often not deterring them because our products are not competitive.

 

I have mixed feelings about the coming stagflation.  I dislike seeing Americans suffer from stagflation.  But the solution is regulating financial transactions to prevent bubbles such as our housing lending bubble, finding other sources of energy than corn, investing in American physical and social infrastructure, and other measures.  These will not occur until problems become apparent and until Democrats assume power.  Stagflation will contribute to a big Democratic win in 2008.

 

What Is Causing Our Financial Insecurity? - 11/9/07

 

During the last 30 years, deregulation has occurred, our financial economy has become more speculative and corrupt, public, labor union, and employer safety nets have been dismantled and our lives have become more risky.  Robert Reich and Robert Kuttner (both well known authors about economic change and leaders of the American Prospect) discuss this.  They largely agree.  But they disagree about why this has occurred.  Robert Reich believes that technological change has caused increased competition, to the detriment of safety nets.  Robert Kuttner believes that market fundamentalism and deregulation are the causes, enabling competition to run amok.

 

Why is this important.  Because it would be almost impossible to reverse technological change.  But we can reverse our economic ideology and create government programs and regulation which again share our risks and enable us to cooperate to prevent or mitigate them.  I encourage you to read their argument carefully to understand what we must do to restore our American Dream.  Dave Thomas

 

Worker Layoffs Are a Drain of Social Capital - 11/9/07

 

We have recommended various books which describe the lives of those who work several minimum wage jobs.  Also books which describe our overworked and overspent middle class.  Louis Uchitelle’s 2006 book, The Disposable American, Layoffs and Their Consequence describes what happens when middle class Americans get laid off.  Social capital is lost and most laid off workers suffer an enormous malaise, harming both them and their families.  This is a major problem, yet it has generally fallen below the radar of Liberal as well as Conservative politicians.  Instead of trying to create increased job stability, most attention is given to assisting the laid off person to obtain training for another job.  This clearly has not worked.

 

Welfare for the Well Off - 11/9/07

 

The other recommended book this week, The Conservative Nanny State by Dean Baker, shows how the wealthy who decry welfare for our middle and poorer classes, eagerly create and consume government welfare assistance for themselves.  They restrict competition at the top, stimulate high executive pay, protect their products from competition, allow them bankruptcy not allowed the rest of us, protect them from lawsuits, enable them to escape taxation and more.  Most of us are playing against a stacked deck.

 

Is It Your Money?  Can You Spend It Best? -12/7/07

 

Our President George Bush favors tax cuts, especially for our wealthy.  He often tells audience,  “It’s your money.  You can spend it best.  But he is often wrong on both counts.

 

If you use other people’s capital in your enterprise, you must pay them.  The money you give them is theirs, not yours.  If you use other people’s labor, you must pay them.  The money you give them is theirs, not yours.  If you use our social heritage, you should pay to sustain it. 

 

Our social heritage consists of both physical infrastructure (transportation, communications, and other facilities) and social infrastructure (our legal, education, family and other systems).  Without capital, labor and our social heritage, your enterprise could not prosper as it does.  Your share of the money to sustain our heritage belongs to the public, not to you.  So not all of the money you receive is yours.  Only what’s left after you pay for your factors of production is yours.  Progressive personal and corporate income taxes and inheritance taxes direct the money wealthy people and enterprises owe for the benefits they receive from our social heritage. 

 

Conservatives deceptively claim that inheritance taxes tax wealth twice.  But much inherited wealth consists of stocks which have appreciated without being taxed.   Capital gains taxes are not levied against the stocks when they are inherited.  Instead they are forgiven.  Without inheritance taxes, much inherited wealth would never be taxed.

 

Can you spend your money better than the government?  Would New Orleans residents have been better off if they had each built a levee around their yard?  Should we each privately contract for police and fire personnel to protect us?  How about hiring our own air controllers, our own military personnel, our own forest service rangers, and more?  Should we disband government and everyone privately contract for all services now offered by our governments?  Ridiculous, isn’t it.

 

Stagflation: Causes and Solutions 2/8/08

 

Stagflation is a combination of increased inflation, reduced demand and increased unemployment.  We might think that this would be impossible.  When unemployment increases, decreasing demand for consumer goods should cause deflation of prices of consumer goods.  Similarly when unemployment decreases, prices should increase in response to higher demand.

 

Trade with Foreign Countries

But stagflation occurred during the Carter administration and is occurring now.  In both cases, stagflation is the result of our trade with foreign countries.  We purchase more petroleum from abroad because our consumption in increasing while our domestic supply is decreasing.  We purchase more manufactured goods from abroad because we have reduced tariffs which used to protect our domestic producers from foreign producers who pay lower wages and pay less environmental and other social costs.  We are also outsourcing service jobs to foreign countries.

 

Causes of Inflation.

When petroleum prices increase as occurred in the 1970s and is occurring now, increased energy and transportation costs cause increased prices of other goods.  As we attempt to substitute ethanol made from grain for gasoline, the prices of our food which include or depend on grain increase. 

 

Our inadequate maintenance and improvement of our physical infrastructure causes increased transportation and communication inefficiencies and costs.  The poor quality education that many of our students receive produces labor inefficiencies and costs.  Too little competition among colleges and universities increases costs.  Receiving little student assistance from our government, many high school graduates can’t afford to attend college.  Less educated labor imposes costs on producers.

 

Our unique health care system which depends upon private insurance coverage is producing out-of-control cost increases, inefficiencies and inadequate care for many of us.  Sick people increase both health care and labor costs.

 

Our producers also face job (FICA) taxes and health insurance costs not shared by their foreign competitors.  This increases their prices, reduces their competitiveness and reduces the numbers of workers they employ.

 

The Deregulation which began during the Carter administration has introduced huge inefficiencies into our economy.  In many industries, competition has declined, resulting in price increases.  Savings and loan, dot.com and housing bubbles have occurred, producing much inefficient investment.  Corruption has hugely increased, resulting in negative effects upon our environment, our quality of consumer goods, the treatment of our workers and our shareholders.  One major form of deregulation has been the deterioration of labor rights to unionize and bargain.  Another cost of inadequate regulation has been corporate rigging of the books to deceive investors, resulting in bankruptcies which impose enormous costs upon investors and employees.

 

The contracting out of government services without competitive bidders to campaign contributors by our Bush administration has produced huge inefficiencies, including over-billing, poor quality services and mistreatment of labor.  Government payments for services we don’t receive is a form of inflation.

So is earmarked pork (by most members of both political parties) which forces our government to buy unneeded services from campaign contributors.

 

Our Occupation of Iraq, military spending not oriented to dangers we face, and many internal security measures are spending enormous sums, creating additional long term costs and diverting workers from productive domestic jobs to military service abroad.  As our government borrows from aboard, interest payments are a further drain on our economy, increasing our costs and reducing our demand for domestic goods and service.

 

Causes of Unemployment

Our increased purchase of foreign goods and services is draining money from our economy, resulting in reduced domestic demand and employment.

 

As people consume oil and other goods dependent upon oil, they have less money to spend for other goods.  Money is drained off to oil producing countries abroad  Demand for domestic consumer goods and services declines.  Unemployment increases.

 

We are also experiencing increased competition from foreign countries in East and South Asia, Mexico and other low wage countries.  This dampens inflation.  But money and jobs are drained off to foreign producers.  Reduced demand for American goods causes increased unemployment.  Unemployment is also increased as service jobs are outsourced to other countries.

 

Wages (in real terms) for most Americans have stagnated or declined during the last 30 years.  Even with more family members seeking work and borrowing heavily through credit cards and home equity, family incomes have stagnated.  A lesser proportion of us have middle incomes, as some are receiving higher incomes and many are receiving lower incomes.  This has been aggravated by tax decreases for our wealthy and reduced support for our poor.  The higher a person’s income and wealth, the less the proportion they spend upon domestic consumer goods and services.  Our increasing financial inequality is reducing our demand and increasing our unemployment.  For more.  For more.

 

Contrary to Conservative claims, the Bush income and estate tax cuts oriented heavily toward our wealthy have harmed our economy, producing the slowest economic growth in decades.  The proposed tax stimulus package will similarly provide inadequate stimulus.  For more.

 

To Stop Stagflation

The above examination of factors producing stagflation suggests these remedies:

 

·       Prioritize our internal security measures based upon likelihood and magnitude of threats.

·       Restrict our national guard to internal security duties, except for congressionally declared foreign emergencies.

·       Support creation of an international justice and peace capability, so we aren’t tempted to police the world.

·       Downsize our military to orient only to probable military challenges.

·       Bring our troops home from Iraq.

 

·       Reduce consumption of foreign oil through conservation, recycling and alternative energies.

·       Invest in producing alternative energies

·       Invest in producing vehicles and other machines which conserve energy and use sustainable energy.

·       Use grains to provide food instead of fuel.

·       Protect our environment to deduce public costs.

 

·       Invest to maintain and enhance our physical infrastructure.

·       Invest to provide quality care and education to every child and person from birth throughout their life.

·       Provide sufficient educational assistance to qualified students.

·       Invest to provide quality cost controlled health care to all.

·       Allow our government to bargain with health care providers.

 

·       Substitute public health care insurance for private insurance.

·       Substitute consumption taxes for job (FICA) taxes.

·       Restore and enhance worker rights, including especially the rights to unionize and bargain.

·       Create a fair progressive income tax which doesn’t contribute to unwarranted financial inequality.

·       Create measures to provide adequate incomes to workers and disabled people.

 

·       Regulate industries and businesses to restore appropriate competition; reduce corruption; prevent bubbles; and protect our employees, investors, suppliers, consumers and environment.

·       Eliminate privatization of government work, with no-bid contracts to campaign contributors.

·       Eliminate both Republican and Democratic earmarked pork contracts to campaign contributors.

·       Regulate foreign trade to require competitors to improve their labor, consumer and environmental standards.

·       Ease immigration of needed students and workers to our county.

 

The government can be a problem through doing too much or too little.  It is a necessary solution to many of our challenges.

 

Our Stagflation Is Rapidly Getting Worse - 3/14/08

 

Causes

Since a comprehensive analysis of the causes of stagflation and its solutions has been presented here previously and posted on our website, this will only briefly describe what is happening now.  Our stagflation results from three factors, each of which has been made worse by the Bush Administration’s economic policies. 

 

1.      Our dependence upon importing increasingly expensive oil is increasing our cost of living and draining money to oil producing countries, leaving less money for spending here.  For seven years, our Bush administration has done nothing to make us use alternative energy sources or use our energy more efficiently.

 

2.      President Bush’s tax cuts for those with high incomes, left them with more money which they did not spend domestically, thus reducing the demand for U.S. production and labor.

 

3.      Deregulation which has continued and increased since the Carter Administrations, has left us vulnerable to various bubbles.  Our current collapse of our housing market and lending institutions resulted from inadequate regulation of lending practices and deceptive packaging and resale of faulty loans.

 

Inadequate Solutions and Alternatives

Composed primarily of bankers, our Federal Reserve System is lowering interest rates and putting money into our banking system.  These are helping our banks.  These do not stimulate borrowing by consumers who are already heavily in debt.  They do not stimulate consumer spending and job creation,

 

Various measures are being proposed and passed to assist home loan borrowers, but these are not targeting those who were most defrauded.  Imagine instead that we insist that lenders of faulty loans should be forced to adjust them (both the amounts and the interest rates) so that borrowers can repay them.  In addition, money should be provided to local governments to work with voluntary agencies to purchase foreclosed houses to make them available as affordable housing (either for sale or for rent).

 

A stimulus package has been passed which primarily gives tax cuts to people who will only spend a small part to stimulate the economy.  Better alternatives would give money to those who deserve it and would immediately spend it: increasing our Earned Income Tax Credit, increasing our Unemployment Insurance Payments, and granting a tax credit to workers who pay no more than $1000 in job (FICA) taxes. 

 

Taking slightly longer perhaps would be the provision of funds to state and local governments for spending on our physical and social infrastructure.  And for spending on production of alternative energies and reduction gases which contribute to global warming.

 

For the Longer Run

Even if we immediately begin responding appropriately, our stagflation would worsen and continue.  There is little that can be done in the short run to reduce oil imports.  For more.  Conservation measures should be quickly adopted.  Subsidies should be provided to stimulation production of alternative energies.  But these would take some time to affect our inflation of oil prices.

 

We need to reverse the Bush tax cuts, but this won’t occur for at least a year.  And we need to regulate our various financial markets to prevent future fraud and bubbles.  Our worsening stagflation will add to the Democratic electoral victories this fall.  But it will present a major challenge to the incoming administration.  A key indicator of success, will be whether the new administration adopts the appropriate measures described above.  Or whether it simply continues to steer money to those with middle and upper incomes and to producers.

 

More about Stagflation – 3/21/08

We published a concise analysis of our stagflation, its causes and solutions and posted it on our website.  It is worsening, and none of the Federal actions are likely to make much difference to our average American.  For a more technical analysis, see Business Week.  For more about the effects of deregulation.  For more about our falling dollar compared to other currencies.  For more about the job cost of our military and war in Iraq.  The war costs everyone, but oil producers and private military services contractors.  We shopped ‘til we dropped.  And Bush appears carefree.

 

Note that Europe doesn’t have the bubbles that we have.  Why.  Because they regulate business to constrain irrational exuberance and unrestrained greed.

 

Federal Bailout for Fraudulent Financial Institutions – 3/21/08

 

Federal Reserve loans predatory lenders $200 million, guaranteeing their mortgage backed junk bonds.  We taxpayers may end up paying investors who bought fraudulent mortgage loans.  Notice that 2 million mortgage loans are expected to default.  If the average loan is $300,000, the total would be $600 billion.  Hundreds of billions of bad debt is still mingled with other debt, and thus hidden until the actual defaults occur. 

 

What happened to moral hazard?  Conservatives typically claimed that granting assistance to needy people, provided a moral hazard which tempted them to avoid taking responsibility for improving their lives.  But we hear little these days about moral hazard, when the Federal Reserve bails out fraudulent financial institutions.  Corporations hate government when it regulates, but they love it when it provides them welfare.

 

The Federal Reserve argues that letting Bear Sterns and similar fraudulent institutions fail would eliminate credit necessary to our economy.  But how about making extra funds available to those banking institutions which avoided the fraudulent selling and repackaging of household mortgages?  Let the ones like Bear Sterns fail.  Can’t we ensure the availability of credit, without rewarding fraudulent institutions?  For more.  For more.

 

Deregulation Has Devastated Our Economy 4/4/08

 

Powerful corporations were formed after the civil war, which immediately began to use their power to give higher priority to their profits than to serving the public.  Under presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Roosevelt, regulations were passed to protect consumers, workers, suppliers and investors from corporate abuses.

 

Appropriate competition produces fairness and efficient allocation of resources and production to meet consumer demands.  But too little competition gives producers too much power, while too much competition gives producers too little power.  Depending upon industry circumstances, regulations should be implemented to produce appropriate competition.  This requires that the general public instead of powerful corporations control the decisions concerning regulation.

 

President Ronald Reagan expressed a conservative viewpoint that instead of being abusers, corporations were victims of abuse by our government which regulated them, when he said’ “Government is not the solution.  It is the problem.”  Beginning with President Carter’s administration, we have removed many regulations of companies, industries and markets.  In many cases, the deregulation has allowed abuses to occur.

 

Is our telephone industry more innovative and efficient now than it would be if we had not dismantled our regulated Bell Telephone monopoly?  Has our airline industry functioned better since our former regulations were removed?  While these deregulations to allow more competition may be mixed blessings, much more damage has resulted from our deregulation of our financial industries.  For more.  For more.

 

The recent proposals to combine financial regulatory agencies just rearrange existing responsibilities without extending regulation to hedge funds and other entities which are now unregulated and have been responsible for much of our current financial collapse.  For more.    For more. 

 

Goodbye Manufacturing.  Hello Financial Services.  Also Health Services – 5/2/08

 

Since the 1970’s, manufacturing production has decreased from 25% of a growing GNP to 12%.  While financial services has increased from 12% to 20%.  Health care services has also increased to about 14%, including many paper pushers.  Wouldn’t it be wonderful if we could reduce the number of people in financial and health care services, spending the money instead on training caregivers and paying them better.

 

Why have financial services grown so much?   Through tax cuts, government debt has grown.  1983 tax changes have encouraged corporations to replace equity financing with borrowing, so their debt has grown.  Easier credit (both credit cards and household second mortgages) and stagnant incomes have stimulated an increase of household debt.  More employees have be able to make own decisions concerning their retirement investments.  Financial deregulation has stimulated the growth of many new types of financial services.  More financial employees are needed to manage this borrowing, lending and investing.

 

Due to their influence on both Republican and Democratic legislators, it may be virtually impossible to regulate financial services.  Without regulation, bubbles, their collapse and government bailouts will continue.  Regulation will need to begin with our Federal Reserve, which is controlled by bankers and puts their interests before the interests of our workers and consumers.  Instead of reducing the proportion of our workers, engaged in financial (and health care) services, they may increase until our whole financial system collapses.  For more.

 

Oil: Who’s Got It?  Where Do We Get It? – 5/2/08

 

Who’s Got It?                                           Where Do We Get It?

Saudi Arabia           20%                       Canada                   19%

Canada                   14%                       Saudi Arabia            15%

Iran                         10%                       Mexico                    14%

Iraq                         9%                         Venezuela               12%

Kuwait                    8%                         Nigeria                    11%

U.A.E                  7%                         Angola                    5%

Venezuela               6%                         Iraq                        5%